Elements, Atoms, and ElectronsMatter and ElementsAtomsAtomic StructureIsotopesThe Periodic TableElectron Structure of Atoms Covalent Bonding and MoleculesInteractions between AtomsCovalent Bonds Are Formed by Sharing Outer ElectronsFormulae of CompoundsCovalent Bonds Formed by Combining Atomic OrbitalsSingle Overlap, the Sigma-BondDouble Overlap, the Pi-BondMolecules with s- and p-BondsHybrid Molecular Orbitals Forces Within and Between MoleculesIonic BondingPolar Covalent BondsDipole-Dipole ForcesThe Hydrogen Bondvan der Waals ForcesThe Hydrophobic EffectCoordinate Bonds Chemical ReactionsRates of ReactionFactors Affecting Rate of ReactionRate EquationsIntegrated Forms of Rate EquationsZero-Order ReactionsIntegrated Form of the Zero-Order Rate EquationFirst-Order ReactionsThe Integrated Form of the First-Order Rate EquationSecond-Order ReactionsIntegrated Forms of Second-Order Rate EquationsPseudo-First-Order ReactionsReversible ReactionsEquilibrium WaterThe Water MoleculeIceWaterSolutionsThe Mole ConceptCalculating Molar MassesMolarityColloidal SolutionsDiffusion and Osmosis Acids, Bases, and BuffersIonisation of WaterThe Hydrogen IonAcids and BasesStrong Acids and Strong BasesWeak Acids and Weak BasesKa and KbRelationship between Ka and KbpH, pOH, pKw, pKa, pKbSolutions of Weak Acids and BasesSalts and Salt HydrolysisBuffer SystemsCalculating the pH Values of BuffersIndicatorsTitrations GasesPressureMeasurement of PressureIdeal Gas LawsPartial PressuresSolubility of GasesDiffusion in Gases Aliphatic Carbon CompoundsSimple Molecules Containing CarbonOrganic CompoundsAlkanes and Alkyl GroupsAlkenesAlcoholsThiolsAldehydes and KetonesCarboxylic AcidsAmines Lipids, Sugars, and Linkages between Reactive GroupsFatty AcidsEstersGlycerol EstersHemiacetals and HemiketalsSimple SugarsChirality in Simple SugarsStraight-Chain Sugars Spontaneously Form
RingsSugar Hydroxyls Can Be Chemically ModifiedSugars Are Joined Together by Glycosidic Bonds Aromatic Carbon Compounds and IsomerismBenzeneBioactive Aromatic CompoundsIsomerismStructural IsomerismChain, Positional, and Functional Group IsomerismTautomerismStereoisomerismGeometrical IsomerismOptical Isomerism Organic and Biological Reaction MechanismsReactive Sites and Functional GroupsDescribing Reaction MechanismsBimolecular Nucleophilic SubstitutionElectrophilic Addition to a Nonpolar Double BondElimination to Form an AlkeneNucleophilic Addition to a Polar Double BondFree Radical ReactionsCarbon-Carbon Bond Formation in Biosynthesis Sulphur and PhosphorusThe Electron-Shell Structure and Valency of Phosphorus and SulphurSulphurThe Thiol Group and Thiol EstersPhosphate, Pyrophosphate, and PolyphosphatePhosphate EstersThe Role of Phosphate Esters and ATP in Cellular Energy Metabolism Oxidation and Reduction ReactionsOxidation Is Linked to ReductionThe Chemical Changes in the REDOX ProcessSplitting REDOX ReactionsStandardising REDOX Half-ReactionsPredicting Electron FlowFree Energy and Standard Reduction PotentialsRedox Reactions and Nonstandard Conditions Metals in BiologyGeneral Properties of Metals in BiologySome Properties of Alkali MetalsThe Alkaline Earth MetalsTransition MetalsRole of Metal as Oxygen CarrierMetals Facilitate BiocatalysisThe Role of Metal Ions as Charge CarriersThe Toxicity of Metals EnergyThe First Law of ThermodynamicsUnits of EnergyMeasurement of EnergyInternal Energy, U, and Enthalpy, HCalorimetryHess's LawEnthalpies of FormationThe Second Law of ThermodynamicsFree EnergyInteraction of DeltaH with TDeltaS Reactions and EquilibriumDeltaG and EquilibriumActivation EnergyThe Effect of the Temperature on Reaction RateThe Arrhenius EquationCatalysisEnzyme CatalysisKinetics of Enzyme ReactionsFinding Vmax and KM Light Light Is
Part of the Electromagnetic SpectrumWavelength and FrequencyThe Quantum Theory of LightThe Absorption of LightThe Relationship between Light Absorption and ConcentrationThe SpectrophotometerThe Fate of Absorbed Light Appendix: Derivations of EquationsIndex.